in ancient rome the number four in roman numerals is usually written as IIII instead of IV

In ancient Rome, the Roman numeral system did not include zero, and a different set of symbols was used to represent numbers. Contrary to modern misconceptions, the "IV" symbolization for the number 4 was indeed used in ancient times. Here's some clarification on this topic: 1. **Existence of IV**: The symbol "IV" for the number 4 is well-attested in ancient Roman inscriptions, artifacts, and texts. It was not uncommon to see "IV" used in place of "IIII." 2. **Mathematical Documents**: In mathematical texts and tables, "IV" was frequently used for 4. For example, the famous "Geminus" astronomical tables from the 1st century BCE use "IV" extensively. 3. **Monetary Systems**: In Roman coinage, the numbering system used for denarii (coins) also employed "IV" for 4. This is evident in historical records and surviving artifacts. 4. **Inscriptions**: Many ancient inscriptions use "IV" for 4. For instance, the Column of Antoninus Pius, erected in 161 CE, uses "IV" in various inscriptions. 5. **Variation in Usage**: While "IIII" was also used, especially for counts or tallies where each individual unit needed to be clearly visible, "IV" was often preferred for its simplicity and elegance. 6. **Cultural Factors**: The preference for "IV" over "IIII" can be attributed to a desire for efficiency and elegance in written communication. Just like in modern times, ancient Romans aimed for brevity and clarity. 7. **Evolution**: The Roman numeral system evolved over time, with some variations in usage depending on context and geographic region. However, "IV" was firmly established as a valid representation of 4 in ancient times. In summary, contrary to popular belief, the use of "IV" for the number 4 was common in ancient Rome and well-documented in various sources such as inscriptions, artifacts, and texts. Both "IV" and "IIII" were used depending on context, but "IV" was a recognized and accepted representation of the number 4.