why roman numerals is not used as usually as arabic numerals

Roman numerals are not used as commonly as Arabic numerals for several reasons, which mainly revolve around practicality, efficiency, and the evolution of mathematics and daily usage: 1. **Complexity**: Roman numerals can be more difficult to understand and write compared to Arabic numerals. This is because they use a combination of letters (I, V, X, L, C, D, M) to represent numbers, often with a subtractive principle (e.g., IV for 4, IX for 9). 2. **Arithmetic Operations**: Performing calculations with Roman numerals is cumbersome compared to Arabic numerals. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are much simpler and more straightforward with the place-value system that Arabic numerals utilize. 3. **Place Value and Zero**: Arabic numerals have a clear place value system (ones, tens, hundreds, etc.) and include the concept of zero, which is crucial for efficient calculation and representation of large numbers. Roman numerals lack a symbol for zero and do not have a consistent place value system, making them less flexible. 4. **Standardization**: Arabic numerals have become the global standard for representing numbers in science, technology, and everyday life due to their simplicity and efficiency. This widespread adoption makes it easier for people around the world to read and understand numbers. 5. **Ease of Writing and Reading**: Arabic numerals are generally easier and quicker to write and read, which is important in a fast-paced, technology-driven world. 6. **Computational Tools**: Modern technology, including calculators and computers, is designed to work with Arabic numerals. The binary and hexadecimal systems used in computing are also more closely related to Arabic numerals than to Roman numerals. 7. **Education**: Children are typically taught Arabic numerals at an early age because of their simplicity and the ease with which they can learn basic arithmetic operations using them. 8. **Historical Adoption**: During the Renaissance and the scientific revolution, there was a significant push towards adopting Arabic numerals from the Middle East due to their advantages in mathematical computation and representation. While Roman numerals are still used in certain contexts, such as clock faces, page numbering in books, and in some branding and design elements, their limited use in everyday life and in serious mathematical calculations is largely due to the practical advantages that Arabic numerals offer.